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that the two organisms belong to the same species under the biological species concept."},{"text":"Viable offspring.","correct":false,"explanation":"Being able to produce viable offspring only shows that the offspring survive; they may be sterile. The defining requirement is producing fertile offspring that can reproduce."},{"text":"Healthy offspring.","correct":false,"explanation":"Producing healthy offspring does not necessarily mean those offspring can reproduce. Organisms count as the same species when they can produce fertile offspring."},{"text":"Genetically similar offspring.","correct":false,"explanation":"Producing genetically similar offspring is not the species criterion because similarity does not establish reproductive capability. The organisms must produce fertile offspring."}]},{"id":"f018ffa8-6bcb-4943-826b-323c61c5a5be","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A gene pool is [ ] in a [ ] at a particular time.","back":"A gene pool is all the alleles of all genes in a population at a particular time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A gene pool is all the alleles of all genes in a population at a particular time.","correct":true,"explanation":"A gene pool includes every allele of every gene present in a population at a particular time, providing the genetic variation on which evolution can act."},{"text":"A gene pool is all the genes in all species in a habitat at a particular time.","correct":false,"explanation":"A species can contain several populations, so its gene pool is not necessarily limited to one species-wide set. The definition refers to all alleles in a population."},{"text":"A gene pool is all the dominant alleles of all genes in a species at a particular time.","correct":false,"explanation":"Only counting dominant alleles excludes recessive alleles, which are still part of the gene pool. The correct definition includes all alleles of all genes in a population."},{"text":"A gene pool is all the phenotypes of all organisms in a community at a particular time.","correct":false,"explanation":"A gene pool concerns genetic alleles, not the observable characteristics of organisms. It consists of all alleles of all genes within a population."}]},{"id":"43dd3fd3-cfc0-4cc7-b48e-0b893b78140d","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"An organism’s phenotype is affected by [ ] and the [ ].","back":"An organism’s phenotype is affected by genotype and the environment.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"An organism’s phenotype is affected by genotype and the environment.","correct":true,"explanation":"Phenotype results from the interaction between inherited genetic information, the genotype, and environmental influences such as nutrition, temperature or lifestyle."},{"text":"An organism’s phenotype is affected by mutation and the environment.","correct":false,"explanation":"The phenotype is not determined by the environment alone because genes also influence characteristics. The correct factors are genotype and environment."},{"text":"An organism’s phenotype is affected by genotype and the natural selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural selection changes allele frequencies in populations but is not one of the two direct influences stated in this definition. Phenotype is affected by genotype and environment."},{"text":"An organism’s phenotype is affected by genotype and the behaviour.","correct":false,"explanation":"The phenotype is not produced by genotype and behaviour as the general definition. Environmental conditions, including influences on behaviour, are the relevant second factor."}]},{"id":"2bb3a2bd-c20c-44e8-994a-05bb75648488","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] creates new alleles; meiosis and random fertilisation mainly create [ ].","back":"Mutation creates new alleles; meiosis and random fertilisation mainly create new combinations of existing alleles.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Mutation creates new alleles; meiosis and random fertilisation mainly create new combinations of existing alleles.","correct":true,"explanation":"Mutation changes DNA and can therefore create new alleles. Meiosis and random fertilisation reshuffle alleles that already exist, producing new combinations."},{"text":"Meiosis creates new alleles; mutation and random fertilisation mainly create new combinations of existing alleles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Meiosis reshuffles existing alleles rather than normally creating new ones, while mutation is the process that creates new alleles. The second phrase is therefore also reversed."},{"text":"Random fertilisation creates new alleles; meiosis and mutation mainly create new combinations of existing alleles.","correct":false,"explanation":"Random fertilisation combines existing gametes and does not create new alleles. Mutation creates new alleles, whereas meiosis and random fertilisation create new combinations."},{"text":"Natural selection creates new alleles; meiosis and random fertilisation mainly create new alleles from existing combinations.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural selection changes the frequency of alleles but does not create new alleles or directly generate combinations. Mutation creates alleles, while meiosis and random fertilisation reshuffle them."}]},{"id":"b57b9242-30a9-4176-8dfe-640de0d8d778","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Natural selection involves differential [ ] and [ ].","back":"Natural selection involves differential survival and reproduction.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Natural selection involves differential survival and reproduction.","correct":true,"explanation":"Natural selection favours individuals that survive and reproduce more successfully than others. Their alleles are therefore more likely to be passed to the next generation."},{"text":"Natural selection involves differential growth and reproduction.","correct":false,"explanation":"Growth may affect an organism’s success, but it is not one of the two defining processes in this statement. Natural selection involves differential survival and reproduction."},{"text":"Natural selection involves differential variation and inheritance.","correct":false,"explanation":"Variation provides differences for selection to act on, but it is not the outcome measured between individuals. The relevant differences are in survival and reproduction."},{"text":"Natural selection involves differential mutation and competition.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutation generates new alleles, whereas natural selection acts on differences in reproductive success. Its two components here are differential survival and reproduction."}]},{"id":"b3f53910-3064-409a-be6b-0b9207f98ad4","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why do darker moths survive better on polluted, dark tree bark?","back":"

Camouflaged on dark bark.
Less visible to birds, so less predation.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Camouflaged on dark bark.
Less visible to birds, so less predation.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Dark moths blend into polluted bark, making them less visible to birds. Reduced visibility lowers their chance of being detected and eaten by predators."},{"text":"

More conspicuous on dark bark.
More visible to birds, so less predation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Dark colour does not make moths more conspicuous on polluted bark. Camouflage makes them less visible to birds, reducing predation."},{"text":"

Camouflaged on dark bark.
Immune to birds, so no predation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Pollution does not make dark moths immune to predators. Their advantage is camouflage, which makes them less visible and reduces the likelihood of predation."},{"text":"

Better fed on dark bark.
Less visible to birds, so less predation.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Dark bark does not provide moths with extra food or energy. Their survival advantage comes from camouflage and reduced visibility to bird predators."}]},{"id":"e8e82dec-ab7d-4e1f-90ed-940b57d5bf83","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What happens to favourable alleles over generations under natural selection?","back":"Their frequency increases in the gene pool.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Their frequency increases in the gene pool.","correct":true,"explanation":"Individuals with favourable alleles are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those alleles to offspring. Consequently, the alleles’ frequency increases in the gene pool."},{"text":"Their frequency becomes zero in the gene pool.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural selection does not usually remove every other allele immediately. Favourable alleles become more common over generations, so their frequency increases rather than becoming fixed at once."},{"text":"Their frequency remains constant in the gene pool.","correct":false,"explanation":"A favourable allele may eventually become fixed in some populations, but natural selection generally first causes its frequency to increase over generations. Fixation is not guaranteed."},{"text":"Their frequency decreases in the gene pool.","correct":false,"explanation":"Favourable alleles are selected for because they improve reproductive success, so they tend to become more common. Their frequency does not generally decrease under natural selection."}]},{"id":"27375def-9809-48c4-a08c-2aa3ff6e3efa","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is it incorrect to say an individual evolves?","back":"Evolution is allele frequency change in a population over generations.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Evolution is allele frequency change in a population over generations.","correct":true,"explanation":"Evolution is defined as a change in allele frequency within a population across generations. An individual’s inherited genes do not change through evolution during its lifetime."},{"text":"Evolution is a change in an individual’s phenotype during its lifetime.","correct":false,"explanation":"Individuals can grow, develop or acclimatise, but these lifetime changes are not evolution. Evolution requires allele frequency change in a population over generations."},{"text":"Evolution is the acquisition of new characteristics by one organism.","correct":false,"explanation":"An individual may acquire characteristics, but acquired traits do not by themselves demonstrate evolution. Evolution is a population-level change in allele frequencies over generations."},{"text":"Evolution is the mutation of one individual during its lifetime.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutations can occur in an individual, but one mutation is not evolution unless it contributes to a change in allele frequency across a population over generations."}]},{"id":"a5a432c4-9bbb-4609-a006-88be6411d966","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"For BB, Bb and bb genotypes, what is the frequency of allele B?","back":"$$p_B=\\frac{2n_{BB}+n_{Bb}}{2N}$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$p_B=\\frac{2n_{BB}+n_{Bb}}{2N}$","correct":true,"explanation":"Each BB individual contributes two B alleles and each Bb individual contributes one. Dividing by the total of $2N$ alleles gives the frequency of B."},{"text":"$$p_B=\\frac{n_{BB}+n_{Bb}}{2N}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This counts only one B allele from each BB individual. Homozygous BB individuals contribute two B alleles, so the correct expression is $p_B=\\frac{2n_{BB}+n_{Bb}}{2N}$."},{"text":"$$p_B=\\frac{n_{BB}+2n_{Bb}}{2N}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Heterozygous Bb individuals possess only one B allele, not two. BB must be doubled instead, giving $p_B=\\frac{2n_{BB}+n_{Bb}}{2N}$."},{"text":"$$p_B=\\frac{2n_{BB}+n_{Bb}}{N}$","correct":false,"explanation":"The numerator correctly counts B alleles, but dividing by $N$ uses the number of individuals rather than the number of alleles. The denominator must be $2N$."}]},{"id":"f133d625-0f16-499d-b253-6fb9d02b2745","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"100 beetles: 36 BB, 48 Bb, 16 bb. What is allele B frequency?","back":"$$p_B=\\frac{120}{200}=0.60$","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$p_B=\\frac{120}{200}=0.60$","correct":true,"explanation":"The 36 BB beetles contribute 72 B alleles and the 48 Bb beetles contribute 48, giving 120 B alleles out of 200 total alleles."},{"text":"$$p_B=\\frac{84}{200}=0.42$","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding 36 and 48 counts only one B allele from each BB beetle. BB contributes two, so there are 120 B alleles and the frequency is 0.60."},{"text":"$$p_B=\\frac{120}{100}=1.20$","correct":false,"explanation":"The numerator counts the 120 B alleles correctly, but the denominator incorrectly uses 100 individuals. Diploid beetles have 200 allele copies, so the frequency is 0.60."},{"text":"$$p_B=\\frac{96}{200}=0.48$","correct":false,"explanation":"This uses the number of heterozygous beetles as though it were the number of B alleles. Including the 72 B alleles from BB gives 120 out of 200."}]},{"id":"ac557340-1ab8-4206-839f-44415bf4a55b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] favours intermediate phenotypes; [ ] favours one extreme phenotype.","back":"Stabilising selection favours intermediate phenotypes; directional selection favours one extreme phenotype.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Stabilising selection favours intermediate phenotypes; directional selection favours one extreme phenotype.","correct":true,"explanation":"Stabilising selection removes phenotypes at both extremes and favours intermediates. Directional selection instead favours individuals toward one extreme, shifting the population mean."},{"text":"Directional selection favours intermediate phenotypes; stabilising selection favours one extreme phenotype.","correct":false,"explanation":"The two selection types have been reversed. Stabilising selection favours intermediate phenotypes, whereas directional selection favours one extreme and shifts the phenotype distribution."},{"text":"Disruptive selection favours intermediate phenotypes; directional selection favours one extreme phenotype.","correct":false,"explanation":"Disruptive selection favours both extremes rather than intermediate phenotypes. Stabilising selection favours intermediates, while directional selection favours one extreme phenotype."},{"text":"Stabilising selection favours intermediate phenotypes; disruptive selection favours one extreme phenotype.","correct":false,"explanation":"Disruptive selection favours both extreme phenotypes, not only one. The correct pairing is stabilising selection for intermediates and directional selection for one extreme."}]},{"id":"6fa89295-c5a1-4e19-a388-0b36ab5f8753","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What happens to variation under stabilising selection?","back":"

Variation decreases.
Mean phenotype stays similar.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Variation decreases.
Mean phenotype stays similar.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Stabilising selection acts against extreme phenotypes, narrowing the distribution and reducing variation. Because intermediate phenotypes are favoured, the mean remains approximately unchanged."},{"text":"

Variation increases.
Mean phenotype stays similar.

","correct":false,"explanation":"An increase in variation is associated more closely with disruptive selection. Stabilising selection removes extreme phenotypes, so variation decreases while the mean phenotype stays similar."},{"text":"

Variation decreases.
Mean phenotype shifts higher.

","correct":false,"explanation":"A shifting mean is characteristic of directional selection. Stabilising selection favours intermediate phenotypes, causing variation to decrease while the mean stays similar."},{"text":"

Variation stays similar.
Mean phenotype shifts lower.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This describes neither defining effect of stabilising selection. Selection against both extremes reduces variation, and balanced removal around the mean leaves the mean phenotype similar."}]},{"id":"240bffce-b2b2-4233-8288-8b397448db45","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A drought favours birds with larger beaks and mean beak depth rises. What selection type is this?","back":"Directional selection.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Directional selection.","correct":true,"explanation":"Larger beaks lie toward one end of the phenotypic range. Their advantage shifts the population’s mean beak depth in one direction, defining directional selection."},{"text":"Stabilising selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stabilising selection favours intermediate phenotypes and usually leaves the mean similar. Here, larger beaks are favoured and the mean shifts, so this is directional selection."},{"text":"Disruptive selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Disruptive selection favours both extremes while selecting against intermediates. The drought favours only the larger-beaked extreme, making this directional selection."},{"text":"Artificial selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Artificial selection requires deliberate human choice of breeding individuals. The environmental effect of drought naturally favours larger beaks, producing directional selection."}]},{"id":"4bc6d81d-7617-477d-8152-4d77912c3c98","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"[ ] favours both extremes and selects against [ ].","back":"Disruptive selection favours both extremes and selects against intermediate phenotypes.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Disruptive selection favours both extremes and selects against intermediate phenotypes.","correct":true,"explanation":"Disruptive selection gives individuals at both ends of a phenotypic range an advantage while selecting against intermediates, potentially dividing the population into distinct groups."},{"text":"Stabilising selection favours both extremes and selects against intermediate phenotypes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stabilising selection does the reverse: it favours intermediates and selects against both extremes. Disruptive selection is the type that favours both extremes and removes intermediates."},{"text":"Disruptive selection favours both extremes and selects against both extreme phenotypes.","correct":false,"explanation":"Disruptive selection does not select against the extreme phenotypes because they have the advantage. It favours both extremes and selects against intermediate phenotypes."},{"text":"Directional selection favours both extremes and selects against one extreme phenotype.","correct":false,"explanation":"Directional selection favours one extreme rather than both. Disruptive selection favours both extremes and selects against the intermediate phenotypes between them."}]},{"id":"00ba491a-eb17-494d-b9af-b507dc4dd92a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What must happen for disruptive selection to contribute to speciation?","back":"Extreme groups become reproductively isolated.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Extreme groups become reproductively isolated.","correct":true,"explanation":"Speciation requires gene flow between the diverging extreme groups to stop. Reproductive isolation prevents successful interbreeding, allowing the groups to evolve into separate species."},{"text":"Extreme groups become phenotypically identical.","correct":false,"explanation":"Becoming phenotypically identical would remove the divergence produced by disruptive selection. Speciation requires the extreme groups to become reproductively isolated so gene flow stops."},{"text":"Extreme groups remain freely interbreeding.","correct":false,"explanation":"Continued free interbreeding maintains gene flow and prevents the groups from diverging into separate species. The extreme groups must instead become reproductively isolated."},{"text":"Extreme groups become more heterozygous.","correct":false,"explanation":"Greater heterozygosity does not by itself prevent gene flow or establish separate species. The key requirement is reproductive isolation between the extreme groups."}]},{"id":"7f2ae4c8-f7d7-4954-a7ee-fa3ef7c99749","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why does natural selection not create the needed mutation?","back":"

Mutations occur randomly.
Selection increases existing advantageous alleles.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Mutations occur randomly.
Selection increases existing advantageous alleles.

","correct":true,"explanation":"Mutations arise randomly with respect to an organism’s needs. Natural selection acts afterwards by increasing the frequency of advantageous alleles already present in the population."},{"text":"

Mutations occur when needed.
Selection creates advantageous alleles.

","correct":false,"explanation":"This reflects the misconception that organisms generate useful mutations when needed. Mutations occur randomly, while selection increases the frequency of existing advantageous alleles."},{"text":"

Mutations are caused by selection.
Selection prevents allele changes.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Selection does not cause mutations or prevent allele frequencies from changing. Mutations arise randomly, and selection increases existing alleles that improve reproductive success."},{"text":"

Mutations occur randomly.
Selection increases all new alleles.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Although mutations occur randomly, selection does not increase every new allele. It increases existing advantageous alleles because their carriers leave more offspring."}]},{"id":"62ac9e2d-4be9-4d64-98ce-50060d07048b","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Genetic drift changes allele frequency by [ ], not by [ ].","back":"Genetic drift changes allele frequency by chance, not by natural selection.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Genetic drift changes allele frequency by chance, not by natural selection.","correct":true,"explanation":"Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequencies caused by chance events, whereas natural selection changes frequencies through differences in survival and reproductive success."},{"text":"Genetic drift changes allele frequency by natural selection, not by chance.","correct":false,"explanation":"This reverses the two mechanisms. Genetic drift changes allele frequencies by chance, while natural selection is the non-random process favouring advantageous phenotypes."},{"text":"Genetic drift changes allele frequency by mutation, not by natural selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutation produces new alleles but does not define genetic drift. Genetic drift changes the frequencies of existing alleles by chance rather than by natural selection."},{"text":"Genetic drift changes allele frequency by gene flow, not by survival advantage.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gene flow transfers alleles between populations and is not genetic drift. Genetic drift changes allele frequencies by chance, independently of whether alleles improve survival."}]},{"id":"1027451d-9881-4224-8e5b-8f163f98282e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is genetic drift stronger in small populations?","back":"

Each individual is a larger fraction of the gene pool.
Random events cause bigger proportional changes.

","mcqOptions":[{"text":"

Each individual is a larger fraction of the gene pool.
Random events cause bigger proportional changes.

","correct":true,"explanation":"In a small population, each organism contributes a relatively large share of all alleles. Random deaths or reproductive outcomes therefore produce large proportional shifts in allele frequencies."},{"text":"

Each individual is a smaller fraction of the gene pool.
Random events cause bigger proportional changes.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Individuals represent larger, not smaller, fractions of a small population's gene pool. Consequently, random events involving only a few individuals can substantially change allele frequencies."},{"text":"

Each individual is a larger fraction of the gene pool.
Random events cause smaller proportional changes.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Although each individual forms a larger fraction of the gene pool, the resulting proportional changes are bigger, not smaller. Losing one individual can remove a substantial allele contribution."},{"text":"

Each individual is an equal fraction of the gene pool.
Random events cause equal proportional changes.

","correct":false,"explanation":"Population size affects both quantities: individuals form larger fractions of small gene pools, and chance events cause bigger proportional changes in allele frequencies."}]},{"id":"4046e6d4-5b1c-4e9d-8247-c9067a246038","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A fire greatly reduces a population. Which genetic drift case is this?","back":"Bottleneck effect.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Bottleneck effect.","correct":true,"explanation":"A sudden disaster that sharply reduces population size creates a bottleneck. The surviving population contains only a chance sample of the original population's alleles."},{"text":"Founder effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"The founder effect occurs when a few individuals establish a new population. A fire reducing an existing population instead produces the bottleneck effect."},{"text":"Wahlund effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"The Wahlund effect concerns an apparent shortage of heterozygotes when genetically distinct subpopulations are combined. A fire causing a sudden population reduction produces the bottleneck effect."},{"text":"Directional selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Directional selection consistently favours one phenotypic extreme, whereas a fire may kill individuals irrespective of phenotype. The resulting random population reduction is the bottleneck effect."}]},{"id":"3aef1aba-6ccf-414e-8441-fa7a1b34b1f5","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"A few individuals start a new population with an unrepresentative gene pool. Which drift case is this?","back":"Founder effect.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Founder effect.","correct":true,"explanation":"The founder effect occurs when a small group establishes a new population. Its allele frequencies may differ by chance from those in the original population."},{"text":"Bottleneck effect.","correct":false,"explanation":"A bottleneck is a sharp reduction in an existing population, often following a disaster. Colonisation by a small, unrepresentative group instead causes the founder effect."},{"text":"Gene flow.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gene flow is the transfer of alleles between existing populations through migration and reproduction. Establishment by a small, unrepresentative colonising group causes the founder effect."},{"text":"Stabilising selection.","correct":false,"explanation":"Stabilising selection favours intermediate phenotypes and removes extremes. The chance sampling of alleles when a few individuals establish a population is the founder effect."}]},{"id":"4b938ff5-e9dc-4854-9f23-c74e03665df7","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Reproductive isolation reduces or stops [ ], allowing gene pools to [ ].","back":"Reproductive isolation reduces or stops gene flow, allowing gene pools to diverge.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Reproductive isolation reduces or stops gene flow, allowing gene pools to diverge.","correct":true,"explanation":"Reproductive isolation prevents alleles moving between populations through interbreeding. Without gene flow continually mixing their alleles, the populations' gene pools can diverge."},{"text":"Reproductive isolation reduces or stops gene flow, allowing gene pools to converge.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reproductive isolation reduces gene flow rather than increasing it. This lack of genetic mixing allows mutation, selection and drift to make the gene pools diverge."},{"text":"Reproductive isolation reduces or stops genetic drift, allowing gene pools to diverge.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reproductive isolation does not stop genetic drift, which can continue independently within each population. It reduces gene flow, allowing the separated gene pools to diverge."},{"text":"Reproductive isolation reduces or stops natural selection, allowing gene pools to merge.","correct":false,"explanation":"Natural selection may continue in both isolated populations and can favour different adaptations. Reproductive isolation specifically reduces gene flow, causing their gene pools to diverge rather than merge."}]},{"id":"352e8181-58e8-4d81-ba2a-5d01016fb42a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In allopatric speciation, what prevents interbreeding?","back":"A geographical barrier.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"A geographical barrier.","correct":true,"explanation":"Allopatric speciation begins when a geographical barrier physically separates populations, preventing interbreeding and reducing gene flow between their gene pools."},{"text":"A behavioural barrier.","correct":false,"explanation":"A behavioural barrier can cause reproductive isolation, but it is not the defining initial separation in allopatric speciation. Allopatric populations are separated by a geographical barrier."},{"text":"A temporal barrier.","correct":false,"explanation":"Temporal isolation prevents mating when populations reproduce at different times, usually without requiring spatial separation. Allopatric speciation specifically involves a geographical barrier."},{"text":"A genetic mutation.","correct":false,"explanation":"A genetic mutation may contribute to later divergence but does not itself define allopatric separation. Interbreeding is initially prevented by a geographical barrier."}]},{"id":"78902b8d-d900-4fed-a81b-b3c4e0f6071d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What is distinctive about sympatric speciation?","back":"It occurs without a physical geographical barrier.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It occurs without a physical geographical barrier.","correct":true,"explanation":"Sympatric speciation occurs while populations occupy the same geographical area. Reproductive isolation develops without a physical geographical barrier separating them."},{"text":"It occurs because of a physical geographical barrier.","correct":false,"explanation":"Speciation caused by populations being physically separated is allopatric, not sympatric. Sympatric speciation occurs without a physical geographical barrier."},{"text":"It occurs after migration across a geographical barrier.","correct":false,"explanation":"Movement into a geographically isolated area establishes physical separation and therefore describes allopatric divergence. Sympatric speciation takes place without a physical geographical barrier."},{"text":"It occurs after a geographical barrier disappears.","correct":false,"explanation":"Reconnection after geographical isolation can bring previously separated populations together, but it is not the defining feature. Sympatric speciation begins without a physical geographical barrier."}]},{"id":"c38a93f2-e9eb-45f2-b4ae-c308d333286a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Different niches can make populations diverge because they create different what?","back":"Different selection pressures.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Different selection pressures.","correct":true,"explanation":"Different niches favour different adaptations because organisms face different environmental challenges and resource opportunities. These distinct selection pressures cause allele frequencies and phenotypes to diverge."},{"text":"Different mutation rates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mutation rates are not necessarily changed by occupying different niches. Niches instead expose populations to different selection pressures, favouring different alleles and adaptations."},{"text":"Different gene flow rates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gene flow rates describe how frequently alleles move between populations, not how niches favour contrasting adaptations. Different niches primarily generate different selection pressures."},{"text":"Different chromosome numbers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Chromosome numbers do not normally differ simply because populations exploit different niches. Niche-specific environmental conditions instead create different selection pressures."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-06-07","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Evolution may lead to speciation (A-level only)","title":"Evolution may lead to speciation (A-level only) Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"02750285-d54d-5ac0-a972-f98503fec189","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]