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soil.","correct":false,"explanation":"Soil supplies mineral ions and water, not the energy entering most ecosystems. The ultimate energy source is the sun, whose light is captured by producers."},{"text":"The atmosphere.","correct":false,"explanation":"The atmosphere provides gases such as carbon dioxide, but it is not usually an energy source. Most ecosystem energy ultimately comes from sunlight."},{"text":"Decomposers.","correct":false,"explanation":"Decomposers release energy from existing organic material rather than introducing energy into the ecosystem. The sun is the ultimate source for most ecosystems."}]},{"id":"0a89633a-55c8-43e3-8a1c-85a5644b1909","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What do producers make from atmospheric or aquatic carbon dioxide?","back":"Organic compounds, such as glucose.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Organic compounds, such as glucose.","correct":true,"explanation":"Producers use carbon dioxide during photosynthesis to synthesise carbon-containing organic compounds such as glucose, storing absorbed light energy as chemical energy."},{"text":"Mineral ions, such as nitrates.","correct":false,"explanation":"Mineral ions are generally absorbed from soil or water rather than manufactured from carbon dioxide. Producers use carbon dioxide to make organic compounds such as glucose."},{"text":"Respiratory gases, such as oxygen.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oxygen is released during photosynthesis, but its oxygen atoms originate from water rather than carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic compounds such as glucose."},{"text":"Inorganic compounds, such as water.","correct":false,"explanation":"Water is absorbed from the environment and is not made from carbon dioxide by producers. Carbon dioxide supplies carbon for organic compounds such as glucose."}]},{"id":"036da516-9f4b-44c5-8d05-335a0c27f7f3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Biomass represents the [ ] stored within an organism.","back":"Biomass represents the chemical energy stored within an organism.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"chemical energy","correct":true,"explanation":"Biomass consists of organic material whose chemical bonds store energy. It therefore represents the chemical energy contained within an organism’s tissues."},{"text":"thermal energy","correct":false,"explanation":"Thermal energy is associated with particle motion and is readily dissipated to the surroundings. Biomass represents stored chemical energy in an organism’s organic molecules."},{"text":"kinetic energy","correct":false,"explanation":"Kinetic energy is the energy of movement, so it is not what biomass measures. Biomass represents chemical energy stored in organic compounds."},{"text":"light energy","correct":false,"explanation":"Light energy may be absorbed during photosynthesis, but it is converted before being stored in biomass. The stored form within organisms is chemical energy."}]},{"id":"41218e48-d323-4ebc-a162-40128bd8927f","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why is fresh mass unreliable for estimating biomass energy content?","back":"Water content varies between biological samples.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"Water content varies between biological samples.","correct":true,"explanation":"Different organisms and tissues contain different proportions of water, which contributes to fresh mass without providing biomass energy. This makes fresh-mass comparisons unreliable."},{"text":"Mineral content varies between biological samples.","correct":false,"explanation":"Variation in minerals is not the main problem with fresh mass. Variable water content can greatly alter mass without changing the amount of energy-storing organic material."},{"text":"Temperature varies between biological samples.","correct":false,"explanation":"Sample temperature may affect measurements slightly but does not explain the unreliability of fresh mass. The major problem is variation in water content."},{"text":"Surface area varies between biological samples.","correct":false,"explanation":"Surface area can affect drying rate, but it does not directly make fresh mass an unreliable energy estimate. Differences in water content cause the main distortion."}]},{"id":"62c24745-3553-43db-975f-4c377fef032c","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Dry mass is found by oven-drying at about [ ] to remove water without burning tissue.","back":"Dry mass is found by oven-drying at about $100\\,^{\\circ}\\text{C}$ to remove water without burning tissue.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$100\\,^{\\circ}\\text{C}$","correct":true,"explanation":"Heating at about $100\\,^{\\circ}\\text{C}$ removes water by evaporation while limiting combustion and decomposition of the energy-containing biological tissue."},{"text":"$$0\\,^{\\circ}\\text{C}$","correct":false,"explanation":"At $0\\,^{\\circ}\\text{C}$, water may freeze rather than evaporate, so the sample will not become dry. Oven-drying is carried out at about $100\\,^{\\circ}\\text{C}$."},{"text":"$$37\\,^{\\circ}\\text{C}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This body-temperature value is commonly associated with enzyme activity, but it is too low for efficient oven-drying. About $100\\,^{\\circ}\\text{C}$ is used to remove water."},{"text":"$$200\\,^{\\circ}\\text{C}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This excessive temperature could burn or thermally decompose organic tissue, reducing the measured dry mass. About $100\\,^{\\circ}\\text{C}$ removes water without burning the sample."}]},{"id":"3f355d4b-1b8a-446f-a88d-374f1a2fc78d","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does constant mass after oven-drying show?","back":"All water has been driven off.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"All water has been driven off.","correct":true,"explanation":"Repeated heating and weighing until the mass stops decreasing indicates that no further water is being lost, so the sample has reached constant dry mass."},{"text":"All glucose has been driven off.","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose forms part of the energy-containing dry biomass and should not be removed during drying. Constant mass indicates that all water has been driven off."},{"text":"All oxygen has been driven off.","correct":false,"explanation":"Oven-drying is not intended to remove oxygen atoms from biological compounds. Constant mass shows that water loss has finished and the dry mass remains."},{"text":"All tissue has been driven off.","correct":false,"explanation":"The biological tissue must remain so that its dry mass can be measured. Constant mass indicates that all water, not the tissue, has been driven off."}]},{"id":"6fa3db99-8b5f-40ba-ad12-313b4c77225a","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"In calorimetry, what measurement is used to calculate biomass energy released?","back":"The water’s temperature rise.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"The water’s temperature rise.","correct":true,"explanation":"Energy released by burning biomass heats a known quantity of water. Its temperature rise is used with water mass and specific heat capacity to calculate energy transferred."},{"text":"The water’s volume decrease.","correct":false,"explanation":"Any volume decrease would mainly reflect evaporation and is not the standard calorimetry measurement. Energy released is calculated using the water’s temperature rise."},{"text":"The water’s mass increase.","correct":false,"explanation":"The water should not gain mass as biomass burns, and mass change does not quantify transferred thermal energy. The required measurement is its temperature rise."},{"text":"The water’s colour change.","correct":false,"explanation":"A colour change does not provide a quantitative measure of energy transfer in calorimetry. The water’s temperature rise is used to calculate energy released."}]},{"id":"f22a881a-b2e3-4edf-bd60-413b97c998e3","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Gross primary production (GPP) is the [ ] in plant biomass over a given area/time.","back":"Gross primary production (GPP) is the total chemical energy store in plant biomass over a given area/time.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"total chemical energy store","correct":true,"explanation":"GPP is the total chemical energy incorporated into plant biomass by photosynthesis over a specified area and time, before respiratory losses are subtracted."},{"text":"remaining chemical energy store","correct":false,"explanation":"The energy remaining after plant respiration has been deducted is net primary production, not GPP. GPP is the total chemical energy store before respiratory losses."},{"text":"total respiratory energy loss","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiratory loss is only one component of the plant’s energy budget and is subtracted from GPP to obtain NPP. GPP is the total chemical energy store."},{"text":"consumer chemical energy store","correct":false,"explanation":"GPP concerns energy fixed by producers into plant biomass, not energy stored by consumers after feeding. It is the total chemical energy store produced by photosynthesis."}]},{"id":"f18efe7f-8031-4af6-9aae-753086cc83a1","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Plant respiratory losses ($R$) are energy lost to the environment as [ ] during respiration.","back":"Plant respiratory losses ($R$) are energy lost to the environment as heat during respiration.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"heat","correct":true,"explanation":"Respiration releases energy from organic molecules, but not all of it is transferred to ATP. Some is dissipated to the surroundings as thermal energy."},{"text":"light","correct":false,"explanation":"Light energy is absorbed during photosynthesis rather than released during respiration. Plant respiratory losses are transferred to the environment as heat."},{"text":"glucose","correct":false,"explanation":"Glucose is an energy-containing respiratory substrate, not a form in which respiratory energy is lost to the surroundings. The environmental loss occurs as heat."},{"text":"ATP","correct":false,"explanation":"ATP temporarily stores energy for cellular processes rather than representing energy lost from the plant. Respiratory energy that leaves the organism is dissipated as heat."}]},{"id":"78920bfd-d40e-4765-b5d9-78eb611d8aeb","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Net primary production is calculated as [ ].","back":"Net primary production is calculated as $NPP = GPP - R$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$NPP = GPP - R$","correct":true,"explanation":"Gross primary production is the total chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis. Subtracting plant respiratory losses gives the energy incorporated into new plant biomass as net primary production."},{"text":"$$NPP = GPP + R$","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding respiration treats energy released and lost as though it increased biomass. Respiratory losses must be subtracted, so the correct relationship is $NPP = GPP - R$."},{"text":"$$NPP = R - GPP$","correct":false,"explanation":"Reversing the subtraction would usually produce a negative value despite plant growth. Production remaining after respiration is calculated using $NPP = GPP - R$."},{"text":"$$NPP = GPP \\div R$","correct":false,"explanation":"Division might be used when calculating a ratio or efficiency, but not net energy production. Net primary production is the difference $NPP = GPP - R$."}]},{"id":"b33f57a2-0534-4bbf-956e-96746aaa07f1","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which plant production term is energy available to the next trophic level?","back":"NPP.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"NPP.","correct":true,"explanation":"Net primary production is the chemical energy incorporated into new plant biomass after respiratory losses. That biomass is available for consumption by organisms at the next trophic level."},{"text":"GPP.","correct":false,"explanation":"Gross primary production includes energy later used in plant respiration, so not all of it is available to consumers. The available plant production term is NPP."},{"text":"R.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration represents energy dissipated from the plant, mainly as heat, rather than energy stored in edible biomass. NPP is available to the next trophic level."},{"text":"N.","correct":false,"explanation":"Consumer net production describes new animal biomass, not plant production. For plants, the energy stored in biomass and available to consumers is NPP."}]},{"id":"e803b6a3-f64c-4fde-86e8-f3c8434d3b9e","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"If $GPP=24\\,500$ and $R=11\\,200\\,\\text{kJ m}^{-2}\\text{ year}^{-1}$, what is $NPP$?","back":"$13\\,300\\,\\text{kJ m}^{-2}\\text{ year}^{-1}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$13\\,300\\,\\text{kJ m}^{-2}\\text{ year}^{-1}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Net primary production equals gross primary production minus plant respiration: $24,500-11,200=13,300\\,\\text{kJ m}^{-2}\\text{ year}^{-1}$."},{"text":"$35,700\\,\\text{kJ m}^{-2}\\text{ year}^{-1}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This results from adding respiration to gross production, although respiration is an energy loss. Subtracting gives $24,500-11,200=13,300\\,\\text{kJ m}^{-2}\\text{ year}^{-1}$."},{"text":"$12,300\\,\\text{kJ m}^{-2}\\text{ year}^{-1}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This is an arithmetic place-value error in the subtraction. Applying $NPP=GPP-R$ accurately gives $24,500-11,200=13,300\\,\\text{kJ m}^{-2}\\text{ year}^{-1}$."},{"text":"$11,200\\,\\text{kJ m}^{-2}\\text{ year}^{-1}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This simply reports the respiratory loss rather than the remaining production. Subtracting respiration from GPP gives an NPP of $13,300\\,\\text{kJ m}^{-2}\\text{ year}^{-1}$."}]},{"id":"a62471f7-c72b-47a5-8591-dd0b1499fb79","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"What does consumer net production ($N$) become in an animal?","back":"New animal biomass.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"New animal biomass.","correct":true,"explanation":"Consumer net production is the energy remaining after losses through egestion, excretion and respiration. It is incorporated into growth and reproductive material, forming new animal biomass."},{"text":"Energy lost as heat.","correct":false,"explanation":"Energy dissipated as heat belongs to the respiratory loss term rather than net production. Consumer net production becomes new animal biomass through growth and reproduction."},{"text":"Faeces and urine.","correct":false,"explanation":"Faeces and urine are losses represented by $F$, so their energy is unavailable for animal growth. The remaining net production becomes new animal biomass."},{"text":"Ingested food energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Ingested energy is the initial input $I$, much of which is subsequently lost. Only the net energy remaining after faecal, urinary and respiratory losses becomes new animal biomass."}]},{"id":"cbea8abe-e7ac-4946-aca1-895234673904","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"Consumer net production is calculated as [ ].","back":"Consumer net production is calculated as $N = I - (F + R)$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$N = I - (F + R)$","correct":true,"explanation":"Consumer net production is the ingested energy remaining after losses in faeces and urine and through respiration. Both $F$ and $R$ are therefore subtracted from $I$."},{"text":"$$N = I + (F + R)$","correct":false,"explanation":"Adding the loss terms incorrectly treats egestion, excretion and respiration as biomass gains. They must be subtracted from ingestion, giving $N = I - (F + R)$."},{"text":"$$N = I - (F - R)$","correct":false,"explanation":"Subtracting a negative respiratory term effectively adds respiration to net production. Both loss terms reduce available energy, so the relationship is $N = I - (F + R)$."},{"text":"$$N = F - (I + R)$","correct":false,"explanation":"This incorrectly treats faecal and urinary energy as the starting input and subtracts ingestion. Ingested energy is the input, so $N = I - (F + R)$."}]},{"id":"ef37362b-2f7a-4f4d-b9d7-eec52d479071","cardType":"basic","points":1,"front":"Which loss term in $N = I - (F + R)$ is faeces and urine?","back":"$F$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$F$.","correct":true,"explanation":"The term $F$ represents energy lost in faeces and urine through egestion and excretion. This energy is subtracted from ingestion when calculating consumer net production."},{"text":"$I$.","correct":false,"explanation":"The term $I$ represents energy ingested as food, not energy lost in waste. Faecal and urinary losses are represented by $F$."},{"text":"$R$.","correct":false,"explanation":"The term $R$ represents energy lost through respiration, principally as heat. Energy lost in faeces and urine is represented separately by $F$."},{"text":"$N$.","correct":false,"explanation":"The term $N$ represents consumer net production, which becomes new animal biomass. Faecal and urinary energy losses are represented by $F$."}]},{"id":"73ccdaf1-8a90-4ed8-b24c-f2fbd9ebd7d5","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"A cow has $I=140\\,000$, $F=65\\,000$, and $R=55\\,000\\,\\text{kJ}$. What is $N$?","back":"$20\\,000\\,\\text{kJ}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$20\\,000\\,\\text{kJ}$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Using $N=I-(F+R)$ gives $140,000-(65,000+55,000)=140,000-120,000=20,000\\,\\text{kJ}$ available for new animal biomass."},{"text":"$75,000\\,\\text{kJ}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This subtracts faecal and urinary losses but ignores respiration. Subtracting both losses gives $140,000-(65,000+55,000)=20,000\\,\\text{kJ}$."},{"text":"$85,000\\,\\text{kJ}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This subtracts respiration but ignores energy lost in faeces and urine. Accounting for both terms gives $140,000-65,000-55,000=20,000\\,\\text{kJ}$."},{"text":"$130,000\\,\\text{kJ}$.","correct":false,"explanation":"This comes from calculating $I-(F-R)$, which effectively adds respiratory energy instead of removing it. Both losses must be subtracted, producing $20,000\\,\\text{kJ}$."}]},{"id":"436f2362-bafe-442e-98db-52accab80761","cardType":"cloze","points":null,"front":"A standard productivity unit is [ ].","back":"A standard productivity unit is $\\text{kJ ha}^{-1}\\text{ year}^{-1}$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"$$\\text{kJ ha}^{-1}\\text{ year}^{-1}$","correct":true,"explanation":"Productivity is energy transferred per unit area per unit time, so kilojoules per hectare per year includes all three required dimensions."},{"text":"$$\\text{kJ ha}^{-1}$","correct":false,"explanation":"Omitting the time component gives energy per unit area rather than a rate of productivity. The standard unit is $\\text{kJ ha}^{-1}\\text{ year}^{-1}$."},{"text":"$$\\text{kJ year}^{-1}$","correct":false,"explanation":"This measures an annual energy transfer but does not standardise it by ecosystem area. Productivity is expressed as $\\text{kJ ha}^{-1}\\text{ year}^{-1}$."},{"text":"$$\\text{kJ ha year}^{-1}$","correct":false,"explanation":"The positive hectare dimension means energy is multiplied by area rather than expressed per unit area. The correct unit is $\\text{kJ ha}^{-1}\\text{ year}^{-1}$."}]},{"id":"02acfcc6-feb4-4cf9-8774-630dfea39133","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why express productivity per hectare?","back":"It allows fair comparison between differently sized ecosystems.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It allows fair comparison between differently sized ecosystems.","correct":true,"explanation":"Dividing productivity by area standardises ecosystem size, allowing productivity values from ecosystems covering different areas to be compared fairly."},{"text":"It smooths seasonal variation in photosynthesis.","correct":false,"explanation":"Seasonal variation is smoothed by expressing productivity over a year, not per hectare. Per-hectare values permit fair comparison between differently sized ecosystems."},{"text":"It accounts for respiratory energy loss within each ecosystem.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiratory losses are considered when calculating net productivity, not when choosing an area unit. A per-hectare value standardises ecosystems of different sizes."},{"text":"It converts dry biomass directly into energy values.","correct":false,"explanation":"Converting biomass into energy requires an energy conversion value, not division by hectares. Expressing productivity per hectare enables comparison between differently sized ecosystems."}]},{"id":"4207515a-0cb7-445f-a763-b3d90b03c5d1","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"Why express productivity per year?","back":"It smooths seasonal variation in photosynthesis.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"It smooths seasonal variation in photosynthesis.","correct":true,"explanation":"Photosynthetic rates fluctuate with seasonal conditions, so measuring productivity across a complete year produces a representative value that smooths those fluctuations."},{"text":"It allows fair comparison between differently sized ecosystems.","correct":false,"explanation":"Differences in ecosystem size are standardised by expressing productivity per hectare, not per year. Annual measurement instead smooths seasonal variation in photosynthesis."},{"text":"It eliminates respiratory loss from net productivity values.","correct":false,"explanation":"Annual measurement does not remove energy lost through respiration from the calculation. It smooths seasonal changes in photosynthetic activity across the year."},{"text":"It converts stored biomass directly into chemical energy.","correct":false,"explanation":"Converting biomass to energy requires an appropriate conversion factor rather than an annual time unit. Expressing productivity per year smooths seasonal variation in photosynthesis."}]},{"id":"4e70d206-91ca-413a-b798-01fa9cf6df7b","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do herbicides increase crop GPP?","back":"They remove weed competition for light, water and minerals.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They remove weed competition for light, water and minerals.","correct":true,"explanation":"Weeds compete with crops for light, water and mineral ions. Herbicides kill the weeds, leaving more of these resources available for crop photosynthesis."},{"text":"They increase chlorophyll production inside crop leaf cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Herbicides do not directly stimulate chlorophyll synthesis in crop cells. They increase crop GPP by removing weeds that compete for light, water and minerals."},{"text":"They prevent crop respiration during periods of darkness.","correct":false,"explanation":"Crop plants must respire continuously to release usable energy, and herbicides do not stop this process. They increase GPP by removing competition from weeds."},{"text":"They remove insect competition for light, water and minerals.","correct":false,"explanation":"Herbicides target unwanted plants rather than insects, and insects do not normally compete with crops for all these resources. Herbicides remove competition from weeds."}]},{"id":"ed3d1cd3-388f-40f4-a631-8888ad6fa842","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"How do pesticides increase crop yield?","back":"They prevent crop biomass being transferred to pests.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They prevent crop biomass being transferred to pests.","correct":true,"explanation":"Pests consume crop material, transferring biomass away from the crop and reducing harvestable yield. Pesticides limit this feeding and preserve crop biomass."},{"text":"They increase crop photosynthesis by providing extra carbon dioxide.","correct":false,"explanation":"Pesticides do not supply carbon dioxide or directly increase photosynthesis. They raise yield by preventing pests from consuming and acquiring crop biomass."},{"text":"They prevent respiratory losses from crop plant cells.","correct":false,"explanation":"Respiration is an essential cellular process and is not stopped by pesticides. Pesticides increase yield by preventing crop biomass from being transferred to pests."},{"text":"They convert pest biomass back into crop biomass.","correct":false,"explanation":"Biomass already incorporated into pests cannot be converted back into crop tissue. Pesticides preserve yield by preventing that transfer from occurring."}]},{"id":"40a1b9a3-179c-43d0-9056-bbaa5f53c7f9","cardType":"basic","points":2,"front":"What shared effect do restricted movement and heated housing have on livestock?","back":"They reduce respiratory losses, increasing $N$.","mcqOptions":[{"text":"They reduce respiratory losses, increasing $N$.","correct":true,"explanation":"Restricted movement reduces muscular activity, while heating reduces thermoregulation. Both lower respiration and leave more assimilated energy available for net production, $N$."},{"text":"They increase respiratory losses, decreasing $N$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Restricted movement and heated housing reduce energy demands rather than increasing respiration. Lower respiratory losses leave more assimilated energy available for $N$."},{"text":"They increase energy intake, increasing $N$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Neither measure necessarily causes livestock to consume more food. Their shared benefit is reduced energy use in respiration, which increases $N$."},{"text":"They reduce egestion losses, increasing $N$.","correct":false,"explanation":"Egestion depends mainly on food intake and digestibility, not movement or environmental temperature. These measures increase $N$ by reducing respiratory losses."}]}]}],"examCountdown":{"examDate":"2027-06-07","paperLabel":"Paper 1"},"heading":"Energy and ecosystems (A-level only)","title":"Energy and ecosystems (A-level only) Flashcards","topbar":{"backHref":"/a-level/biology/aqa/flashcards"},"topicSidebar":"$L38"}]}],"topicId":"c847294b-962b-5115-be1c-7f917a0743cd","walled":"$L39"}],"$L3a","$L3b"]