Carbohydrates
Describe how a cellulose molecule is formed from its monomers, and explain how cellulose molecules are organized to form a supportive plant cell wall.
Mucus contains various glycoproteins. One of these glycoproteins consists of a polypeptide with the disaccharide maltose attached.
Describe how maltose is formed and state where in the cell it is attached to a polypeptide to produce a glycoprotein.
The membrane of mammalian milk fat globules contains various glycoproteins. One of these glycoproteins consists of a polypeptide with the disaccharide lactose attached.
Describe how lactose is formed and state where in the cell the carbohydrate is attached to a polypeptide to produce a glycoprotein.
Compare and contrast the structure of cellulose and the structure of glycogen.
A specialized sports recovery shake is designed for endurance athletes. The primary sugars present in this recovery shake are glucose, maltose, and sucrose.
State the number of different types of monosaccharides present in this recovery shake.
Nutritionists recommend that no more than 8% of the daily energy intake should come from 'added sugars'.
- The mean daily energy requirement for an endurance athlete during intense training is 15,000 kJ15,000\text{ kJ}15,000 kJ.
- One serving of this recovery shake contains 375 kJ of energy from 'added sugars'.
Calculate the number of servings of this recovery shake required for an endurance athlete to reach the maximum recommended daily energy intake from 'added sugars'.
Agave nectar is a naturally occurring syrup. The primary sugars present in agave nectar are fructose, glucose, and sucrose.
State the number of different types of monosaccharides present in agave nectar.
Nutritionists recommend that no more than 5%5\%5% of the daily energy intake should come from 'free sugars'.
- The mean daily energy requirement for an active 8-year-old child is 7200 kJ7200\text{ kJ}7200 kJ.
- One tablespoon of agave nectar contains 150 kJ150\text{ kJ}150 kJ of energy from 'free sugars'.
Calculate the number of tablespoons of agave nectar required for an active 8-year-old child to reach the maximum recommended daily energy intake from 'free sugars'.
The giant green alga Valonia ventricosa possesses a cell wall composed of highly ordered cellulose microfibrils that provide immense tensile strength to resist osmotic pressure. The diagram below illustrates a section of the molecular structure of cellulose within the cell wall.
Describe how individual β\betaβ-glucose monomers are chemically joined to form a cellulose polymer, and explain how the physical arrangement of these polymers provides structural support to the algal cell wall.
Barley malt syrup is a natural sweetener. The diagram below shows the chemical structures of the primary sugars present in barley malt syrup: glucose, maltose, and maltotriose.
State the number of different types of monosaccharides present in barley malt syrup.
Nutritionists recommend that no more than 8%8\%8% of the daily energy intake should come from 'free sugars'.
- The mean daily energy requirement for a moderately active teenager is 9000 kJ9000\text{ kJ}9000 kJ.
- One tablespoon of barley malt syrup contains 160 kJ160\text{ kJ}160 kJ of energy from 'free sugars'.
Calculate the number of tablespoons of barley malt syrup required for a moderately active teenager to reach the maximum recommended daily energy intake from 'free sugars'.
Cartilage tissue contains various structural glycoproteins that assist in collagen fiber alignment. One of these glycoproteins consists of a polypeptide chain with the disaccharide lactose attached.
Describe how lactose is formed and state where in the cell it is covalently attached to a polypeptide to produce a glycoprotein.
Compare and contrast the structure of starch and the structure of glycogen.
Carbohydrates Questions
Practise AQA A Level Biology Carbohydrates with exam-style questions for A Level Biology. 12 questions covering Carbohydrates, matched to the AQA A Level Biology (7402) specification and written in Paper 1, Paper 2 and Paper 3 style. Every question includes a full worked solution and mark scheme, so you can see where marks are awarded rather than just whether you got the answer right.